Other European countries are also backing away from privatisation. Italy rejected further water privatisation in a 2011 referendum, and Berlin and Athens have also chosen the public option.
In February this year, PSI was part of the campaign that made the first successful use of the European Citizens' Initiative - a 2012 addition to EU treaties aimed at boosting direct democracy. The Right2Water petition organised by public water unions gathered 1.9 million signatures against water privatisation.
The phenomenon is not uniquely European. NGO Transnational Institute'sremunicipalisation tracker lists several developing countries where water has been brought back into public hands and cites Ghana as an example of where a privatisation failed and water is back in state control. Only last month, local authorities in Morocco blocked a deal by Veolia to sell its local water, wastewater and electricity businesses due to a dispute over investment, and said one option was for them to take back control of the unit.
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